Tartu Downstream WAVE Living Lab 2021: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 09:35, 23 April 2021
>>>back to working groups overview
| Area | Emajogi River Downstream | |
| Place | Tartu | |
| Country | Estonia | |
| Topics | please enter the main topics of your living lab | |
| Author(s) | Please enter your name(s)- optional | |
| ||
Rationale
- Why do you think this case is relevant? What is your hypothesis considering the landscape challenges?
- Format: 3-4 sentences
Location and scope
You can edit this map with the map editor
Water as a natural system
Geomorphology, typologies and dynamics of water areas
Emajõgi, or the “mother river”, is the second largest river in Estonia. It is a fully navigable river, approximately 100km long that connects Lake Võrtsjärv to Lake Peipus. It is a relatively flat landscape, as from source to river mouth there is only an elevation difference of approximately 3,5m. The Emajõgi’s catchment area is around 9740km2 and represents approximately 60% of Lake Peipus’ total catchment area and 22% of Estonia’s territory. The Emajõgi has 12 tributaries: Pedja, Laeva, Amme, Koosa, Kavilda, Elva, Ilmatsalu, Porijõgi, Mudajõgi, Luutsna, Ahja and Agali.
The Emajõgi was the birthplace of Estonia’s second biggest city Tartu, first mentioned in written text in 1030. Tartu opened its first hydrometry station named “Tartu (Kvissentali)” in 1867, not an hazardous date, indeed it was also the date of the most important flooding event of Emajogi!
Generally, water in the Emajõgi river fluctuates up to 250 cm and flows rather slowly around 57,9m3/s.
After long winters, snow melts and generates a vast amount of water. This periodic phenomenon can produce floods. It happened quite a lot of time that water rises was approximately around 300 cm (1899,1923,1999,2005,2008, 2009) and caused temporary problems. In 1867, 2010 and 2011 rising waters were 373 (most extreme one’s), 330 and 315 cm. In our case: an urban context flooding period has direct consequences on urban planning surrounding Emajõgi’s dock.
The last important flood event was in 2010, some streets were closed and traffic has been restricted: "The pumping of water, the closure of ditches and other measures taken to prevent flooding have helped to stabilize the situation. Yesterday, the men of the rescue center and the Defense League closed a drainage ditch with a hundred sandbags in Tähtvere Sports Park in order to prevent the increase of the flood area in Supilinn," said Rein Haak, Head of the Urban Economy Department.
In some natural part of the river, flooding constituted a part of the landscape: meadows, bog. However, with climate change, urban sprawl and water management due to the city plan, flooding will increase and at some point constitute a risk for people who are currently living near to the river. To anticipate it, Estonian Government produces assessments and maps showing different futuristics scenarios of flooding (10,50, 100,1000 years).
Besides the Emajõgi, this Living Lab’s study area includes two other significant water bodies, Anne Kanal (9,5ha) and Väike-Anne Kanal (5,5ha). They are both located on the left bank of the Emajõgi in Annelinn, a predominantly Russian neighborhood in Tartu. These canals were excavated during the construction of Annelinn from 1965 to 1971 and intended to be one full lenght rowing canal. The construction of the Sõpruse bridge in 1977, over the original canal, and the need to fill its foundation with soil due to engineering constraints, eventually separated the canal into the two canals we know today.
- add 2-3 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
Emajõgi and its tributaries.
Flooding predictions
The 2010 flooding in the study area. Source: kerly.blogspot
Water as a living space
- Which habitats can be found in and along the water areas of your area?
Mostly the Habitats are fishes, birds, insects, flowers etc, that are found near our Study area, Mostly species are protected.
- How is the water quality in your water areas?
Tartu city drinking water is providing mostly by ground water sources and regarding to that, there are 111 bore wells most of which are divided between those ten water intakes located in Tartu [1]. From those the most important are Meltsikivi, Anne and Ropka water intakes. in addition to the bore wells of the public water supply of Tartu city, there are estimated to be over one hundred bore wells located on private registered immovables in the administrative territory of the city. Water in the uppermost part of the Quaternary aquifer is about half of the water consumed as drinking water in Tartu, and there is generally no need to further process it. Water in the Quaternary aquifer belongs to the first quality class. However, groundwater from deeper aquifers needs to be purified before use as drinking water due to the naturally higher content of some substances. Water in aquifers of Middle Devonian and Early-Middle Devonian-Silurian belong in the second quality class due to their high iron content and bore wells water of Ordovician-Cambrian in the third quality class due to their chloride content. All water of Anne water intake is led through the Anne water treatment plant and the water of Ropka water intake through the Sepa water treatment plant. There, the water from the Middle Devonian and Early-Middle Devonian-Silurian aquifers is purified of excess iron by aerating the raw water. Groundwater from the Ordovician-Cambrian aquifer, which is rich in chlorides, is not pumped directly into the water supply network but mixed with the Middle Devonian and Early-Middle Devonian-Silurian water [2].
Along downstream area from Riia old bridge to Sopruse pst bridge there are four ground water sources. They are quintenary well bores which three of them are Silurian-Ordovician (no need of purifying) and an Ordovician-Cambrian well bores which is rich in Chlorides (needs to be processed). On the other hand, The Bathing water Quality of the EmaJogi is Excellent but the quality of Anna Canal is Sufficient for bathing. Overall the water quality of Emajogi is good, near the bank of EmaJogi and Anna Canal there are drinking water bore wells that show the quality of water was excellent for drinking purposes
- Which areas are still natural, which are urbanized/artificial?
Generally, west side of Emajogi river from old bridge up to Sobra is urbanized/industrial and east part of it From Anne Canal until studying border is natural. Although, east part has constructed drainage fields and Anne Canal as artificial lake, still these areas are natural except minor changes as they mentioned. Significant urbanized/industrial areas are Old factory on west part and Anne Canal (constructed during soviet period for Olympic games) on the east part. Adding to that, on the upper part (from Kaarslid bridge) to south direction, there are more modern looking and urbanized constructions on west part rather than east part which is mostly green infrastructure.
- Are the rivers permeable for fish or blocked by artificial elements?(approx 200 signs)
As there is no barrage, Dam or any other structure, so that’s why fishes can easily pass and the river is permeable for fish
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Blue and Green Infrastructure
Green and blue spaces doesn`t have variety in species although magnitude of them is extensive. Generally, water-based (blue) infrastructures are river-embankments, private and public ports and Anne kanal. On the other hand, land-based (green) infrastructures are mostly parks, health trail, series of trees as natural reserved, Anne kanal beach and Ropka-Ihaste Nature Reserve.
Green Infrastructures
Ülejõe park
The park is located between Narva Road and Emajõgi on the section between Kaarsilla and Vabadussilla. The park houses the Hugo Treffner Monument and the Friedebert Tuglas Monument.
Tartu Keskpark
The park is located in the center of Tartu between Küüni Street, Uueturu Street, Vabaduse Boulevard and Poe Street. The buildings of the park are bounded on three sides ( Tartu department store and GMP Plaza on Küüni street , Soviet-era houses on Poe street, Tartu department store on Uueturu street ), only the side of Vabaduse Boulevard is open, on the other side of which is the green area and Emajõgi
Toomemäe Park
Toomemägi was a gift from Emperor Paul I to the university - this open area had been used by the townspeople as cow pasture. For centuries, Toomemägi was the center of settlement, where the center of the medieval Tartu diocese was located. In the first decades of the 19th century, it became a public park with bridges connecting trees, roads and ramparts planted under the auspices of the plantation committee of the university, which together with the anatomy, observatory and clinic became the center of the city's spiritual life. Toomemägi is one of the favorite places of Tartu residents. There are several playgrounds. Access with pram.
Anne Kanal beach
The Anne Canal bathing place is located in the Anne district, on the left bank of the Emajõgi River. A separate part of the beach is notionally separated for children. This part of the beach has swings, climbing ladders and a slide, as well as a separate bathing area for children. In addition, three ball fields have been built on the Sõpruse bridge side of the beach, where volleyball nets have been installed during the working hours of the Coast Guard. There are log constructions on the lawn for turning and gymnastics. There is a library and two catering establishments on the beach during the bathing season, and ice cream is sold. There is a water toilet next to the Coast Guard building
Ropka-Ihaste Nature Reserve
This natural flood wetland is located across the southern border of the city of Tartu. The Ropka-Ihaste Nature Reserve, formerly known as the Aardla lake botanical-ornithological protected area, which has been under protection since 1991, was issued new protection rules in 2014.
Tress
These trees are mainly of cultural-historical and/or aesthetical value. In August 2017, the protection of 14 trees or groups of trees was revoked, as the trees or groups of trees had lost their value or been destroyed, some of them decades ago. Eight of the individual objects under protection are located in the Kesklinn district of Tartu. The trees under protection are surrounded by limited management zones of a radius of 50 meters. In downstream study area, there are six trees as common oak, Swiss pine, group of native tresses, Manchurian walnut, cold-hardy pear tree and Koidula oak.
- You find my background material on green infrastructure in our reading list
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Water as a cultural space
Land use and water
The river Emajõgi was consider as a silk route for Tartu because for many centuries Emajogi was used a way or route for trading and sailing because in past there is no land connection between Southern and Northern part of Estonia, so river Emajogi is the way of travel and transport. In Past the bank of Emajõgi was used as a open market for timber, for bread,for all dairy products and specially the market for meat,fishes. It was saying that in past tartu city center was a very big business marketplace at the bank of Emajõgi. In 1900s, Emajogi was used as mode of transportation for different cargo to different part of tartu like wood,hay,fishes etc,, so due to Presence of Emajogi ,tartu become the most hub of trading. In that century on Emajogi,there was port established and approximately 200 different types of ships,barges are anchored on the port. But during the mid-century due to World War and due to other issues barges was vanished, After that many new ships are introduced for trade and also near 1960 a ship was daily went to Pskov from Tartu. But with passage of time the transport on Emajogi was stopped due to the construction of new bridges because all the bridges was destroyed during the World War, after that in 1990s the transportation and sailing was completed stop on Emajogi ,later on many attempts were made to start again the trade and sailing but this dream was not fill fulled.
There is another lake in our study area that is Anne kanal, that was artificial canal build in soviet time for the Olympic games, it construction started in 1965 and it spread on 9.5 hectare of area. Later on, canal was divided into two parts due to sopruse bridge. Now it was good place for resting and it was small beach, On this canal fishing competition was organized for fishermen.
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Cultural and spatial typologies of water areas
The spatial patterns that have evolved over time in relation to the water area are strongly linked with urban expansion. Creation and main activities in our districts changed spatial patterns. What had been a meadow's part became Annelinn district. Anne Kanal imported another relation with water. Large recreation area popped up, with many different activities, where water was controlled via pipeline, dredging and embankment.
Several infrastructures were designed to enforce relations of proximity between citizens, habits and environment. Along the river, a path is available and pontoons were built to provide outdoor recreation. Nevertheless, this impression is obtainable only on the right bank Annelinn and Ihaste (Anna Kanal and its park contain: paths, beach, benches, board information and other structures). Ropka and Karlova seem to be suffering from their industrial past and look quite disconnected from this ambition. Their banks are generally occupied by old and abandoned factories: access are limited or forbidden. Areas are composed of wilderness, deposit areas for factories or storages, considered as private areas. Areas are not totally disconnected from others…
Tartu has a kind of a long story with its bridges. In fact, its first bridge, also called “bridge of Freedom” , was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War.
All along the reconstructed time, Tartu needed to connect both banks to develop the city. A long process of bridge construction started, currently there are seven bridges in Tartu, 4 are in our area. Those bridges firstly, connect districts, modify flux and secondly impose a testimony of urban sprawl (and an architecture style) on the landscape.
Victory Bridge is the oldest one. Located in the center of the city, it connects Narva Road to the old city center of Tartu from Turku junction. This Bridge “reinforced concrete” was designed in 1952 and completed in 1957. Since a few years, some modifications were made and some parts repaired and also the bridge received modern design lighting. This bridge has an important flux, mostly the main road of Tartu. Following the logic of city expansion, Sopruse bridge was designed.
Districts on the right bank, for example the new residential area Annelinn needed to be connected with the central activity of Tartu. Design began in the early 1970s. According to the norms of that time, Estonian design authorities were allowed to design bridges with a length of less than 100 meters.The Sõpruse bridge project was completed in 1977. For some technical issues, the date was postponed to 1980. The Sopruse bridge, also called The Friendship Bridge, was finally opened in 1981. This bridge represents huge potential and gives an opportunity to appreciate an overview on ‘the natural part of Tartu’ however the bridge looks old, damages are visible and crossing the bridge as a pedestrian/bicycle isn't enjoyable due to the proximity to the freeway. Nonetheless, the bridge is a quite important spot of street art surely because of its impressive structure.
The Turusild bridge known as Market Bridge is one of the pedestrian (bicycle/ moped are allowed) bridges of Tartu. It connects the commercial center of Tartu with its Market and Annelinn district. It was completed in 2003, “The length of the bridge is 251.5 meters and the hanging part is carried by 7 pairs of rims. The height of the bridge from the water surface of the Emajõgi River is 7.5 meters.” This bridge plays an important role in the landscape and reception from people. In fact, it’s the only way, which crosses the river, without being submerged by the sounds of cars, tracks.
And finally the more recent bridge is located on the southeastern border of Tartu. Named Ihaste Bridge is a reinforced concrete bridge connecting Ihaste and Ropka Industrial districts. The bridge was opened to traffic (constantly and heavy traffic) in 2015.
Bridges link lands and another important factor of influence is the presence of port! In this area, we can find no less than 5 ports all of them are implanted on the left bank!
Two of them are available to everyone, Turusadam and Rebase Paadisadam. Both are nice places for amateur fishermen. Instead of those little ports, Vaike-Tuuusadam, Joe Paadisadam and then Karlova Paadisadam are “official ports” and are lucrative places. Possible to moored boats and to park them, three of them have an aquatic limited area.
Joe Paadisadam is built on pilings and a modest wooden pooton and roof protect the boats. From the other bank this place brings charm out. Unfortunately, it's a private area and a little bit hidden by an abandoned factory located near to it. In general, ports don’t look like they are properly identified as they are and it’s quite messy. Quite hard to define a port/factory/warehouse in those districts.
A large area is considered a Natura 2000 site. Added to that, all around it, many spots record several important category III plant species and also category III animal species. To avoid ravaging, authorities defined another restricted area connected with the Natura 2000 site (Map). Sites are accessible by walk and represent a huge open landscape. Protected from urbanisation, disturbance and human activities. Important to notice that on the other side of the river, a lot of factories, automobile centers, malls, and waste are working.
Tartu city districts
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Sacred spaces and heritage
Districts in this area are recent for this reason, this is no place considered currently as a cultural value. From the National Register of Monuments of Estonian only two buildings are present in our site (both address Kalevi tn 52, Raatuse tn 55 Tartu city, fig.5) located on the perimeter of our site. Young story of our districts didn’t exclude a large amount of influences on the shape/modeling of this area.
Influences had been impacted landscapes:
- Soviet period: in Annelinn, the alternating of buildings with soviet’s print and old wooden houses typically Estonian represent a value of cultural mix.
- Industrial: old factories with tallest chimney can be considered as cultural heritage/ remarkable and convert as an attractive area
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- 22 View on old factory Joe Port from Sopruse bridge .jpg
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Visual appearance and landscape narrative
The Emajõgi is the birthplace of Tartu. It’s meandering path filled with merchants boats and Lodis have been depicted by many in paintings, drawing and photographs. The bridges that stitch Tartu together have also been central motifs. Artists have also registered the development of Annelinn, and the subsequent creation of Anne kanal.
Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), esteemed Estonian poet, entitled her 1867 collection of poems “Emajõe ööbik” (The Nightingale of the Emajõgi River), which expressed budding national sentiments at a time Estonia was part of the Russian Empire:
O, Emajõgi – I see again
Your good smelling banks!
[---]
You holy Estonian river!
How you inspire my thoughts!
O, Emajõgi, where Vanemuine's language
Still flourishes,
Where we can still hear
His song and zither;
Where the young still remember
The words and deeds of Kalev
And recall the glory
Of old times
Where tall pillars stand
On his grave
And give spiritual light
To my Estonia.
(Koidula 1969: 77)
The Emajõgi and Tartu’s city life have also been portrayed in Bernard Kangro’s novels, such as the 1961 “Emajõgi”. More recently, Estonian poet, Indrek Hirv has published two collections of poems referring to the Emajõgi: “Toomemägi on Emajõgi” (Toomemägi is Emajõgi), 2016; and “Emajõgi. Luulet 2016–2019”, 2019.
In 2005 the Tartu City Library began to compile an online archive of Tartu’s literary and cultural history entitled: “Tartu ilukirjanduses”. In this archive it is possible to find Sven Vabar’s piece “Tartu kaks lagendikku. Minu jaoks on...” originally published in 2012 in the book Non-Tartu, where he describes the river, Anne kanal and it’s surrounding areas today:
For me, the most important place in Tartu is a piece of meadow next to the Sõpruse bridge. In fact, this abyss is so small and strange that it might deserve the name of a wasteland rather than a marsh. For me, however, he is a failure. The friendship bridge crosses the notoriously long gorge between the Emajõgi and Anne canals, which has nothing. People walk their dogs there. Ducks love to live in the reeds. The antisocials build their dirty nests on the river bank. A large high-voltage tower enters over this empty plot of land. Once upon a time, a mysterious old plane with a shooting range stood by Anne's canal. In summer, this plot of land grows full of tall hay, which is not mowed too carefully. / --- / You have to stand about in the middle of the meadow, a few dozen meters away from the bridge, facing the bridge. On the left rises Karlova, drowned in greenery (unless winter or autumn), on the right rises Annelinn as a yellow stone wall, in the foreground the shopping center of Eden, reminiscent of the deserted cardboard city of Las Vegas from afar, as Berk Vaher once observed. Cars drive continuously across the bridge. Behind him is an endless bush that extends to Old Ihaste. There is probably no one or anything in your vicinity other than hay, low shrubs and single birds. Airplanes sometimes fly in the sky
In the same book, Tanel Rander writes in his text entitled “Jõgi ja jõerahvas. Emajõgi on inimtsivilisatsioonist...”, the resilient natural character of the river, surviving various changes socianted with the city’s history and growth: The Emajõgi is quite untouched by human civilization, because the river has always been surrounded by a river-friendly river nation. Although Holm Island was destroyed and the riverbed changed significantly, and in the city centre the river bank is artificial and the river has been blown up with rubble and debris, the river is still alive and organic.
Postcard. Dorpat, Emajõgi, ERM Fk 358:343, Eesti Rahva Muuseum, http://www.muis.ee/en_GB/museaalview/660054
Postcard. Dorpat (Tartu), before 1914, ERM Fk 275: 14, Estonian National Museum, http://www.muis.ee/museaalview/610205
Erich Leps, Tartu sadam, 1931, TKM TR 3561 M 666/A, Tartu Kunstimuuseum, http://www.muis.ee/en_GB/museaalview/262021
Richard Sagrits, Port of Tartu, 1936, EKM j 58663 M 7584, Estonian Art Museum SA, http://www.muis.ee/museaalview/3334019
Kalju Nagel, Tartu ehitab, 1964 TKM TR 6992 M 1240, Tartu Art Museum, http://www.muis.ee/museaalview/262626
Pencil drawing. Hilda Kamdron, Tartu city view, Prügimäe district 1969., TM _ 1873: 168 K 100, Tartu City History Museums / Tartu City Museum, http://www.muis.ee/museaalview/1391015
Rein Treier, Celebration of Victory Day by the Anne Canal. Speedboat winning. Tartu, May 9, 1986, TM F 1544: 39, Tartu City History Museums / Tartu City Museum, http://www.muis.ee/museaalview/3311129
Water and People
Accessibility and usability
Generally, eastern part of Emajogi is more accessible in contrast with western part. Accessibility can be divided into major categories for pedestrians and vehicles. To be precise, there are five ports located at western part of river as Turusadam, Vaike-Turu Sadam, Joe Paadisadam, Karlova Paadisadam and Rebase Paadisadam which have direct access to water but they are limited as they are only usable for people with authorizations. Based on provided illustration, places with direct access are eastern river shoreline starting from Narva bridge down to end of living lab zone (Idaringtee bridge). Simultaneously, western part has various accessibility obstacles but still those is becoming faded mostly after “Rebase Paadisdam” port. Nevertheless, accessibility quality on easter part is mostly suitable and convenient for pedestrians rather than vehicles. Regarding strengths of spatial obstacles about water accessibility, reasons are various as important ones are private zones and Tartu city embankments. Private sections are commonly dwellings and industrial which preventing people from having direct access to river. Although this problem is negligible on eastern part and even embankments are not a draw back. Last spatial obstacle which contains wide range of eastern shoreline is natural conservation protected site which illustrated on map. Accessibility quality in this area is possible but not convenient even for pedestrians.
Illustration of water accessbility in different areas
Eastern riverbank (left side) and Western riverbank (right side)
Community Mapping
What is to be mapped here?
- Social groups from within the community, for example the youth, kids, students, parents, the retired etc. Typically, these groups have specific needs, which you can also make explicit on the map. These people might not be organized in any way, but they are usually present in the context you are observing
- Local stakeholder groups: these groups are organized in one or the other way. They only exist within the community context you are observing. For example: the local community center, local churches, local interest groups, the landowners, small businesses and retailers
- External stakeholder groups are not necessarily present in the environment you are observing, but they may have strong stakes and interests. These can be local authorities, politicians, associations, care services etc.
- For each group, you may identify their needs, objectives, power and capacities
- You may also identify gaps and power conflicts
- Please try to redepict these elements in an integrated way and in relation to your water landscape. What is the relationship between these groups? Are they close or distanced from each other? Who is more powerful? Which voices are hardly heard? Do they have any shared concerns?
Social groups
Location of local stakeholders
Diagramatic mapping of main stakeholders
Possible Futures
- You can summarize your findings with a SWOT diagram and a DPSI(R) Model
- Link back to the Sustainable Development Goals: Which goals are at risk?
- What is your worst case scenario for this landscape?
- What is your best case scenario for this landscape?
- Present your scenarios in the form of a collage or sketch
- Add text and visuals
DPSI(R) Model
- Your case yourworstcase visual.jpg
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- Your case yourbestcase visual.jpg
explain your worst case scenario briefly in the caption
Collaborative Goal Setting
- Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings from your analysis
- Ideally, involve the community of your living labs into this process
- Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
- 150 words text contribution
Spatial Strategy and Transect
- translate your strategic goals into a vision
- develop a spatial translation of your vision
- exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
- add map(s) and visualizations
- Your case spatial translaton vision.jpg
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- Your case transect.jpg
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- Your case transect detail1.jpg
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- Your case transect detail2.jpg
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From Theory of Change to Implementation
- For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
- Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
- Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
- add 150 words text and visuals
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References
- give a full list of the references you have used for your case
Process Reflection
- Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
- Which limitations were you facing?
- What have you learnt from each other?
- What did you learn in the Living Labs?
- What would you do differently next time?
- You can also use diagrams/visuals
- 250 words text