Fusaro Lake WAVE Living Lab 2021
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| Area | Phlegraean Fields | |
| Place | Bacoli, Fusaro Lake | |
| Country | Italy | |
| Topics | archeological potential, fragmented landscape, water shapes | |
| Author(s) | Ambrosino Ines, De Maria Federica, Di Rosa Maria, Gargano Alessandro, Liguori Andrea, Séjourné Théo | |
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Rationale
- As a part of the Phlegraean Fields, Fusaro Lake and its surroundings represents a cultural legacy for the mediterranean civilization, testified by greek mythology and history. Therefore archeological sites, which represent this heritage, should be enhanced as cultural goods.
- Thanks to its volcanic nature, this landscape owns different resources that constitute an opportunity for territory productive and economic developments.
- Biodiversity plays a key role in the management of the area and it should be protected and highlighted. Pollution and abusive settlements should be adressed and regulated before unsustainable development degrades ecosystems.
Location and scope
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Water as a natural system
Geomorphology, typologies and dynamics of water areas
- Describe the water areas of your area in the context of the wider water system
Fusaro Lake belongs to the Phlegraean Fields, a geographical area located in the Gulf of Pozzuoli, in the northwestern part of the city of Naples and its gulf, famous since ancient times for its vigorous volcanic activity, consisting of a large caldera in state of quiescence with a diameter of 12–15 km. The Phlegraean territory is characterized by numerous lake formations of volcanic origin (Lake Averno, Lake Lucrino) and coastal lakes generated by barrage (Lake Fusaro, and Lake Miseno).
• Averno Lake, enclosed between steep wooded slopes, has a surface area of 0.55 square km and a maximum depth of 34 m. it lies within an extinct volcanic crater, born 4,000 years ago. In fact, even the poet Virgil in the sixth book of the Aeneid places near this lake the mystical entrance to the Underworld.
• Lucrino Lake is currently located on the bottom of a volcanic crater very close to the coast, but it is not exactly of volcanic origin. Initially it was part of the coast from which it then moved away by forming an isthmus due to the continuous movement of the wave motion.
• Miseno Lake has an extension of more than 40 hectares and a perimeter of about 2,800 meters while the average depth is 2.25 meters and the maximum depth of 4. It is separated from the sea by a sandy barrier about 200 meters wide but is connected with it. through two mouths: the first located near the town of Miliscola and the second located near the bay of Miseno.
• Fusaro Lake is the largest of the Phlegraean lakes, located close to the Torregaveta promontory, separated from the coast by a thin strip of sand. The lake was formed with the closure of the stretch of sea through a tongue of land. Its perimeter measures approximately 4.10 km and has an area of 0.97 square km. It is characterized by brackish water, two channels were built to facilitate the exchange of water, one from the Romanesque period and one from the 18th century.
- How does water appear in the landscape of your living lab? What types of water areas are common?
Water management of Fusaro lake and its surroundings appear disregarded, especially Water Caves (Grotte dell’Acqua). The ancient thermal cisterns are in a state of severe neglect. Instead, Lake fusaro, the richest and largest of all the Phlegraean lakes, has a medium pollution rate caused by the increase of temperatures and is favored by not healthy water conditions. The boom in algal bloom, in general, according to biologists, would also be encouraged by pollutants. The mucilage, in fact, a natural phenomenon exacerbated by poor oxygenation of the water, would be affected by the presence of particular nutrients introduced by man.
- Please identify the water bodies' catchment areas, tributaries and floodplains
- Which dynamics do these water areas have?
Lake Fusaro consists of 98 hectares of lake surface and a total extension of 135 hectares. It still preserves stretches of reeds on the banks, however, mostly embanked and cemented, on which the old park stands, which enriches the arboreal endowment. it is connected to the sea by three channels, and inside it is practiced the breeding of fish and molluscs. The lake was exploited for the breeding of mussels and oysters by the Greek and Roman populations who had built splendid villas in its ravines. At that time, in fact, the lake did not yet exist and the area appeared as a large gulf. Only after the first century A.D. a sandy strip formed due to the scarce ebb of the tides transformed it into a lagoon and therefore into a coastal lake. In Water Caves, instead, despite the presence of a gate to protect the archaeological site, garbage and clothing lie in the rooms of the ancient baths. The waters that rise from the subsoil have a temperature of about 40 ° and are rich in minerals equal to those that arise in Ischia ". In Ischia these waters," miraculous for the ancient Romans, of great value for the Bourbons ", are appreciated by tourists and sponsored: in the Fusaro park "Grotte dell’Acqua" are abandoned and a few days ago a piece of the vault also fell. Ferdinand 4 of Bourbon had great consideration for these archaeological sites.
- Have there been any flood events in the past?
The territory of Lake Fusaro is often characterized by flash floods causing numerous damage every year. The major recent flood events are those of 2011 and 2017 which recorded rainfall values exceeding 100 mm in a single day.
- add 2-3 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
- Yourcase watersystem1.jpg
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- Yourcase watersystem2.jpg
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- Yourcase watersystem3.jpg
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Water as a living space
- Which habitats can be found in and along the water areas of your area?
- How is the water quality in your water areas?
- Which areas are still natural, which are urbanised/artificial?
- Are the rivers permeable for fish or blocked by artificial elements?(approx 200 signs)
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
- Yourcase wateraslivingspace1.jpg
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- Yourcase wateraslivingspace2.jpg
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- Yourcase wateraslivingspace3.jpg
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Blue and Green Infrastructure
- What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?
- You find my background material on green infrastructure in our reading list
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
- Your case green blue infrastructure1.jpg
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- Your case green blue infrastructure2.jpg
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Water as a cultural space
Land use and water
- map the land uses along your water areas: settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...
- In Image 1 and in Image 2 is clear as Bacoli is divided into different areas:
- Residential areas (mainly civil and rural buildings);
- Agricultural areas (vineyards, orchards, greenhouses, arable land, wooded areas);
- Natural areas (parks and reserves);
- Industrial area;
- Touristic area;
- Infrastructures (road network, rail system, harbour system);
- Equipment (parking areas, schools, public and sports buildings).
- describe in particular the historical evolution of land use pattern, please make use of historical maps
- Bacoli was founded by the ancient Romans who called it “Bauli”. During the Augustan age it became the main military outpost and, together with Baieae, the political and cultural capital city. From the II century to the IV century the Romans built a lot of luxurious villas full of marble and mosaics. They took advantage of the territory and of the thermal waters’ therapeutic power. They also built bridges and pools to connect different parts of the city. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Bacoli lapsed because of two phenomena:
- geological issues like bradisism and erosions;
- the Barbarian invasions.
During 1600 a group of neapolitan Jews gave rebirth to the city by farming and fishing. Until the middle of the XVIII century Fusaro lake was used for mussels and oysters cultivation and for hunting. Ferdinando IV of Bourbon built his royal casina upon a lake small island. Successively the city became one of the favourite destinations for the europeans. Starting from 1850 there is a massive demographic growth which brought an increasement of the residential settlements, this phenomenous continued during 1900 especially with the building speculations of 1970. Today in Bacoli there are mainly residential buildings and agricultural areas, the coast is used as a bathing area.
- description evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
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- Yourcase landuse3.jpg
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Cultural and spatial typologies of water areas
- Which spatial patterns have evolved in relation to your water areas?
- What is the role of water areas within the overall urban morphology? (approx 200 signs)
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
- Yourcase water space1.jpg
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- Yourcase water space2.jpg
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- Yourcase water space3.jpg
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Sacred spaces and heritage
- Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?
As a part of the Phlegraean Fields, Fusaro Lake area has got many cultural places, sometimes they are not even known from the population of Bacoli itself, but they constitute an important heritage for the mediterranean civilization.
- CERBERUS CAVERN
The name "Cerberus cavern" comes from the fact that Virgil probably took his inspiration from this place to describe the entrance to the Underworld of which Cerberus was the guardian. Between the II and I centuries B.C., the roman “nobiles” built villas and thermal baths near to Fusaro Lake, the most famous one was Servilio Vatia’s domus. According to some historical record the mouth of the Cerberus cave was used as a tunnel connecting the landing and the part behind of Publio Servilio’s villa. Successively, because of the morphological concerns caused by bradisism, it has been linked to Fusaro Lake.
- VILLA DI SERVILIO VATIA
Today only some rests of Publio Servilio Vatia's (roman commander and poltician) villa remains, some of them are visible and other ones are incorporated into a restaurant. The villa was so beautiful that the Romans used to say: “O Vatia, tu solus scis vivere” (= “Oh vatia, only you know how to live”). The domus was erected between the end of the Republican age and the Augustan age, it was built upon a tufaceous rocky spur overworking the natural structure of the ground and using artificial substructions to ensure that the villa was distributed in terraces. This position allowed the owners and their guests to enjoy the sea breeze and the sun which heated the environment in winter.
- You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable
Cerberus cavern
- Fusaro Lake sacredspace2 - Copia.jpg
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- Your case sacredspace3.jpg
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Visual appearance and landscape narrative
- Which elements are essential for the landscape character?
- Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?
- Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?
- You can add text and images
- Your case character1.jpg
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- Your case character2.jpg
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- Your case character3.jpg
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Water and People
Accessibility and usability
- Where are your water areas accessible, and where not? How strong are spatial obstacles preventing access?
- Who is using the spaces and how?
- Yourcase youraccessbilitymap.jpg
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- Yourcase usepatterns.jpg
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Community Mapping
What is to be mapped here?
- Social groups from within the community, for example the youth, kids, students, parents, the retired etc. Typically, these groups have specific needs, which you can also make explicit on the map. These people might not be organized in any way, but they are usually present in the context you are observing
- Local stakeholder groups: these groups are organized in one or the other way. They only exist within the community context you are observing. For example: the local community center, local churches, local interest groups, the landowners, small businesses and retailers
- External stakeholder groups are not necessarily present in the environment you are observing, but they may have strong stakes and interests. These can be local authorities, politicians, associations, care services etc.
- For each group, you may identify their needs, objectives, power and capacities
- You may also identify gaps and power conflicts
- Please try to redepict these elements in an integrated way and in relation to your water landscape. What is the relationship between these groups? Are they close or distanced from each other? Who is more powerful? Which voices are hardly heard? Do they have any shared concerns?
- Your case your community map1.jpg
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- Your case your community map2.jpg
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- Your case your community map3.jpg
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Possible Futures
- You can summarize your findings with a SWOT diagram and a DPSI(R) Model
- Link back to the Sustainable Development Goals: Which goals are at risk?
- What is your worst case scenario for this landscape?
- What is your best case scenario for this landscape?
- Present your scenarios in the form of a collage or sketch
- Add text and visuals
- Your case your spider diagram or dpsir model.jpg
explain your analysis briefly in the caption
- Your case yourworstcase visual.jpg
explain your worst case scenario briefly in the caption
- Your case yourbestcase visual.jpg
explain your best case scenario briefly in the caption
Collaborative Goal Setting
- Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings from your analysis
- Ideally, involve the community of your living labs into this process
- Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
- 150 words text contribution
Spatial Strategy and Transect
- translate your strategic goals into a vision
- develop a spatial translation of your vision
- exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
- add map(s) and visualizations
- Your case spatial translaton vision.jpg
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- Your case transect.jpg
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- Your case transect detail1.jpg
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- Your case transect detail2.jpg
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From Theory of Change to Implementation
- For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
- Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
- Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
- add 150 words text and visuals
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References
- give a full list of the references you have used for your case
Process Reflection
- Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
- Which limitations were you facing?
- What have you learnt from each other?
- What did you learn in the Living Labs?
- What would you do differently next time?
- You can also use diagrams/visuals
- 250 words text